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The Conversions and Calculations web site. Forum Login Register. Pick a table with which to convert grams per square meter to any other unit of measurement of surface density. In addition, the page shows conversion formulas and correlations between grams per square meter and all other units of measurement of surface density.

Alternatively, convert between all units of measurement of surface density with a single click. Any waterproof garment should be able to transfer perspiration to the outside and at the same time prevent the rainwater from entering inside. All water from your perspiration that gathers inside your jacket must be pushed to the outside by the body heat. Manufacturers usually describe the waterproof rating of fabric with two numbers.

The first is the hydrostatic head, which is a measure of waterproofing and the second is MVTR, which is a measure of breathability. For example, if the first number is 10k or 10, mm, that means you can put a tube vertically over the material being tested and start filling it with water until it begins to leak through the material.

The level of water in millimeters, in our case 10, mm or 10 m is the rating. The various waterproof rating is necessary for various activities. For example, the 10, mm rating is good for light rain and average snow. The second number defines the fabric breathability, in other words, how easily can it allow water from your perspiration to go outside. MVTR with respect to clothing is often associated with breathability, which is not completely correct because breathability is about air passing through the fabric.

At the same time, MVTR is about water vapor that can pass through the fabric. It is a well-known fact that moisture plays an important role in chemical degradation and physical changes of pharmaceuticals. Therefore, packages with very low MVTR are always used for medications. On the other hand, when drugs are delivered to the body through a patch transdermally , the material of this patch must have high enough MVTR for breathability to remain comfortable for patients, and at the same time MVTR must not be too high so that the skin remains hydrated, thus improving the transdermal delivery of the drug.

Optimal MVTR values of the wound dressing are essential for wound healing where ideal moisture content is a very important factor. Therefore, a good moisture balance is required for optimal wound healing. In food packaging, a moisture barrier is required to keep freshness longer because the primary purpose of food packaging is to get the packaged product to the customer suitable for consumption.

The MVTR measures the effectiveness of the moisture barrier to prevent water from being transmitted from food or to food through its packaging. The low MVTR packaging materials help to ensure longer shelf life, to maintain the taste, texture, and better product quality.

Some products, like cheese, bread, meat, or seafood, require keeping moisture inside a package, while dry products such as coffee, potato chips, pretzels, or dry pet foods require moisture-free packaging to avoid microbial activity. Without protective packaging, products will quickly lose or, conversely, gain moisture until the equilibrium with the environment is reached.

When this happens, the chewy products are hard and dry and the crispy products are soft and soggy. Various techniques to measure MVTR exist, the most common being gravimetric techniques that measure the loss or gain of water by mass. When the levels being measured are very low, like in the case of OLED encapsulation, very sophisticated methods are used to ensure measurement accuracy. Some methods, for example, use tritiated water that permeates the material being tested and the resulting radioactivity is measured to determine the permeation rate.

In another method, the corrosion of thin calcium films is observed as water penetrates through the barrier material whose MVTR is being measured. There are numerous standards set by multiple international and national organizations such as ASTM, ISO, and DIN describing the measurement procedures that vary by industry, application, and conditions.

There are standards for measuring VWTR of pharmaceutical bottles and blisters, for heat-sealed packages for dry products, for plastic films and sheeting, for shipping containers, and so on. The list is very long. These standards also describe various methods of testing like the dynamic moisture permeation cell, tests using the modulated infrared sensor, and other methods.

This article was written by Anatoly Zolotkov. Mass Concentration in a Solution Converter. Do you have difficulty translating a measurement unit into another language?

Help is available! Post your question in TCTerms and you will get an answer from experienced technical translators in minutes. Moisture vapor transmission rate MVTR , also water vapor transmission rate WVTR , is a measure of the passage of water vapor through a substance, usually in the form of a sheet or film.

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